Einstein on How to Learn

einsteinIn 1915, aged thirty-six, Einstein was living in wartorn Berlin, while his estranged wife Mileva and their two sons, Hans Albert Einstein and Eduard “Tete” Einstein, lived in comparatively safe Vienna.

On November 4 of that year, having just completed the two-page masterpiece on his theory of relativity that would catapult him into international celebrity, Einstein sent 11-year-old Hans Albert the following letter. It is both touching and instructive, containing an important reference to his theory of learning…

My dear Albert,

Yesterday I received your dear letter and was very happy with it. I was already afraid you wouldn’t write to me at all any more. You told me when I was in Zurich, that it is awkward for you when I come to Zurich. Therefore I think it is better if we get together in a different place, where nobody will interfere with our comfort. I will in any case urge that each year we spend a whole month together, so that you see that you have a father who is fond of you and who loves you.

You can also learn many good and beautiful things from me, something another cannot as easily offer you. What I have achieved through such a lot of strenuous work shall not only be there for strangers but especially for my own boys. These days I have completed one of the most beautiful works of my life, when you are bigger, I will tell you about it.

I am very pleased that you find joy with the piano. This and carpentry are in my opinion for your age the best pursuits, better even than school. Because those are things which fit a young person such as you very well.

Mainly play the things on the piano which please you, even if the teacher does not assign those. That is the way to learn the most, that when you are doing something with such enjoyment that you don’t notice that the time passes. I am sometimes so wrapped up in my work that I forget about the noon meal. . . 

Be with Tete kissed by your

Papa.

Regards to Mama.

Einstein seems to have spotted the same thing that was recently written up in The Talent Code. Learning is about repetition, 10,000 hours and building up myelin.

See https://tonyreiss.com/2013/04/02/developing-talent-in-law-firms-through-a-certain-type-of-coaching-and-practice/

Source: Brainpickings.org

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Do Women Need to Take More Risks to Enhance Their Career Prospects?

women are from venusThere’s scientific evidence that women are from Venus and men are from Mars. Women have different approaches to risk and assessing probabilities.

They are less aggressive, more long-term in their thinking. These points and several others were made at a Sherwood Coaching Lunch by Vincent Walsh, Professor of Human Brain Research at UCL.

In their jobs, women are less likely to apply for promotions if they sense they might not be fully qualified. Women take rejection and setbacks more personally.

There are implications for women written up by my colleagues, Ann Collier and Sally Woodward at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/men-enter-race-women-think-can-win-ann-collier.

There are clearly implications for those supervising women, to challenge any limiting beliefs and be more supportive of career-enhancing developments.

Photo: National Geographic

 

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How to Cross Sell – Forget E-mail and Get Personal!

Don't email!

Don’t email!

Consider this typical scenario. Tom is a tax partner. He’s got a really good insight that is probably relevant to many of his firm’s clients. How should he go about telling his fellow partners and winning instructions?

The obvious answer is to start with a well-written, clear email pointing out the issue and what the client relationship partners should say or do with their clients. Maybe it’ll take an hour to draft the email, but then all his partners have got the message and leads are sure to be generated. As the meercat in the advertisement would say….’Simples!’

It may be simple, but the problem is that this approach invariably doesn’t work! Partners get so many e-mails that messages such as this are unlikely to penetrate the white noise generated by day-to-day work and other messages.

A better approach for Tom is to meet key partners on a 1-1 basis and tell them about the important legal or regulatory development. This takes much more time but the message can at least penetrate. Though again little action typically ensues.

What is Tom missing?

  1. For cross selling to work, Tom has to put much more work in to communicate the benefit to each client of seeking his tax advice. For example, will it save the client money or mitigate any commercial or regulatory risks?
  2. But not just this, Tom has to make clearer what the benefits are to each partner to take action. What’s in it for them? Such benefits might be demonstrating to the client that he or she is thinking of them, being proactive, providing added value etc. If the partner can see there is something in it for them, they are much more likely to take action.
  3. The conversation should make it clear as to exactly what steps Tom would like the partner to take. Most partners feel somewhat uncomfortable talking about legal issues outside their area of expertise. Tom should consider drafting an email for the partner to send to the client or use as a script on the phone.
  4. Tom would benefit from focusing at this stage on simply getting in front of the client
  5. Ideally Tom should meet the client with the client relationship partner. By doing this Tom will receive the halo effect from the goodwill inherent in the relationship with the client relationship partner.

Another useful tactic is to meet with heads of important practice areas first – in Tom’s case this is likely to include the Corporate/Commercial department. If Tom can win this key partner over, it might be possible to persuade them to attend a forthcoming partners meeting and have a 20 minute slot to talk about the issue openly. This underlines how important the issue is and has the potential to create some peer pressure. Tom can then follow up with each partner using the approach suggested above.

The conclusion from this is that for cross selling to work Tom needs to put much more work in tailoring his messages. This will require Tom to focus on a handful of key clients and to be persistent in following up with partners.

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Effective Networkers are Shameless!

HandshakeBeing a good networker pays off – but it requires skill as well as shamelessness according to the Schumpeter column in The Economist .

Many people protest that they would rather devote their time to real work than to schmoozing. But there is evidence that networking works. A study carried out over three years by Wolff and Moser of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, found a positive correlation between the amount of effort put into building contacts—inside and outside their offices—and their pay rises and career satisfaction.

But only a few people are natural networkers. As Schumpeter says:

‘Bill Clinton is the superman of this world. He wraps people in his psychic embrace, persuading them, momentarily, that they are the most important person in the world to him. A few business leaders are also naturals. For example, Goldman Sachs’s boss, Lloyd Blankfein, has a knack of making people feel he has taken them into his confidence. But most people are more like Hillary than Bill; they have to work at it.’

Principles of Effective Networking

Rule number one is to abandon all shame. Be flagrant in your pursuit of the powerful and the soon-to-be-powerful, and when you have their attention, praise them to the skies. Academic research has found that people’s susceptibility to flattery is without limit and beyond satire. In a study published in 1997, B.J. Fogg and Clifford Nass of Stanford University invited people to play a guessing game with a computer, which gave them various types of feedback as they played. Participants who received praise rated both the computer and themselves more highly than those who did not—even those who had been warned beforehand that the machine would compliment them regardless of how well they were doing. Yes, even blatantly insincere, computer-generated flattery works.

But shamelessness needs to be balanced with subtlety. Pretend to disagree with your interlocutor before coming around to his point of view; that gives him a sense of mastery. Discover similar interests or experiences. People are so drawn to those like themselves that they are more likely to marry partners whose first or last names resemble their own. Go out of your way to ask for help. Lending a helping hand allows a powerful person to exercise his power while also burnishing his self-esteem. In his time in the Senate, in 2005-08, Barack Obama asked about a third of his fellow senators for help and advice.

The second principle is that you must have something to say. Success comes from having a well-stocked mind, not just a well-thumbed address book. It might be tempting at a conference to criticize any of the topics. Don’t go there. The more seriously you take it, the more you will succeed in your purpose. Go to the main sessions and ask sensible questions. Reward the self-styled “thought leaders” in each session by adding them to your Twitter “follow” list. But don’t get carried away. It is a mistake to lecture people on your own pet subjects, as this columnist has discovered. It is an even bigger mistake to question the shibboleths of the global elite. There is a case to be made that homogeneous organisations can do better than ones with diverse workforces, for example. But don’t go there. The aim is to fit in by saying the right things, not to challenge the received wisdom.

The third principle is that you need to work hard at networking. Swot up in advance on the most important people who will be at an event. If you manage to meet them, follow up with an e-mail and a suggestion to meet again. Mukesh Ambani, the boss of Reliance Industries, one of India’s largest conglomerates, makes sure that he is briefed on people he is about to meet, and asks them about their interests. Mark Tucker, the boss of AIA, one of Asia’s biggest insurers, follows up conversations with detailed e-mails, sent at all times of the day and night. Julia Hobsbawm of Editorial Intelligence, a firm which coaches executives on how to network, says that it is like exercise and dieting.

Schumpeter goes on to conclude that you need to incorporate networking into your daily routine and somehow make it seem spontaneous and natural.  Sounds right to me. Few people will be drawn to calculating, ruthless and shameless!

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Keeping in Touch With Clients Between Deals – Ten Reasons for Picking Up the Phone

Lawyers need to pick up the phone!

Lawyers need to pick up the phone!

Many firms are trying to change the nature of their relationships with clients – to be more relationship-orientated and less transaction focused.

But lawyers and other professionals find it difficult to pick up the phone to clients between deals. What should they say?

They feel anxious that the client doesn’t want to be ‘sold to’. They fear their approach will be rejected in some way.

The reality is that, if you are not trying to sell but are genuinely trying to develop the relationship, you should receive a positive response.

Before making the approach, you should consider:

  • Where are we in our current relationship in terms of credibility, rapport and trust?
  • What do we need to develop to deepen or broaden our relationship?
  • What issues are important for this company in this sector and this person in this role?

Below are ten legitimate reasons to telephone or e-mail a client to develop the relationship. Some may be more suitable for some clients than others, depending on your analysis and what they would appreciate.

  1. To say that a mutual contact has suggested you give them a call – assuming the third person is well regarded by the recipient of the call, you should be off to a good start
  2. To thank them for something – they may have mentioned something to you (eg a useful trade magazine, forthcoming conference, trade association, good place for a family holiday in Turkey etc) that you have successfully followed up on.
  3. To invite them to a seminar – a personal invitation demonstrates that you are thinking of them and is better than an unpersonalised invitation
  4. To invite them to a discussion group – perhaps inviting four other clients and a ‘speaker’ to provoke a lunchtime discussion
  5. To invite them to meet another client/contact – your clients need networking opportunities as well and I’ve heard many clients are disappointed that their professional advisors don’t help much with networking!
  6. To invite them to meet a colleague – someone with market insights or relevant technical expertise
  7. To ask them if they would like to be invited to an event (eg cocktail party, sporting event, opera, beer tasting etc) – this can be a very good way of delivering a ‘thank you’ for all the work they’ve given you
  8. To follow up a conversation – you may have been interrupted when talking to them at a reception or have had further thoughts afterwards
  9. To invite them to take part in a joint marketing activity (eg seminar, article etc) – many people find the legal aspects of an issue a bit dull, but a client can provide a case study and make your points come alive
  10. To interview them for a research study you intend to publish (eg attitudes to new legislation, market developments etc) – research studies can provide excellent insights (what the marketing people call ‘thought leadership’)

Go on – pick up the phone! If you don’t, a rival will!

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Is Your Firm Competent at Using Competency Frameworks?

competentThe SRA (Solicitors Regulation Authority) in England & Wales has recently made sweeping changes to ensure solicitors are competent at what they do. How well has your firm adapted to the new system?

One of the great contributions from HR functions over recent years has been the introduction of competency frameworks. I hear some groans from non-HR specialists, but I’m serious! The trouble is many people don’t understand how they work or why they’re so important and useful.

Here’s a typical competency framework demonstrating the levels of competency:

Level 1 – Awareness

The person can describe the main area of expertise and its relevance to the business. For example, in managing others they might:

  • Support and offer help to others
  • Encourage others
  • Share own experiences

Level 2 – Knowledge

The person can interpret and evaluate information in this area of expertise. They understand the terminology and can hold an informed debate and ask relevant questions to test the suitability of different proposals. In managing others they might:

  • Provide constructive feedback
  • Set stretching targets
  • Celebrate success

Level 3 – Skill

The person can perform adequately the activities in the area of expertise. They can work from guidelines and convert to practical actions. They can solve problems and guide others. Typical performance indicators in managing others might be:

  • Motivate others
  • Apply coaching and mentoring skills
  • Address staff performance issues

Level 4 – Mastery

The person can diagnose and solve significant and unusual problems. They can also adapt practices with ideas gained from other sectors and make improvements to processes. Someone is operating at this level if they consistently:

  • Assess strengths and weaknesses of a business unit as a whole
  • Lead and shape new initiatives across a business unit
  • Put measures in place to monitor learning

Level 5 – Develop New

The person operating at this level can develop significant new and innovative methods in the area of expertise, such as:

  • Has a clear track record of success on new initiatives
  • Leads and shapes initiatives across the firm as a whole
  • Is recognised externally as a leading authority

So how are competency frameworks useful?

In essence, they enable people to judge where they are and what they need to do to develop. They provide a sense of progress. They also provide management with a means of assessing who is ready to promote to the next level.

Is your firm competent at using competency frameworks?

If not, HR specialists – what can you do to get your firms to truly buy-in to competency frameworks?

For more on the SRA paper Training for Tomorrow see http://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/cpd/solicitors.page

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Delegate – Don’t Deledump!

Delegating ought to be straightforward. After all it’s just about being clear what you want someone to do and by when. Right?

It turns out that most junior lawyers say they don’t always experience good delegation. Too many files are left on desks with a vague note saying ‘Please Fix it!’ Sometimes there’s no ‘please’!

There are all kinds of reasons for this behaviour. Many senior associates think it’s quicker and easier to do the work themselves. Others point out that they haven’t received any training in delegating and supervising the work of others.

Here’s an eight step process as a checklist:

  1. Identify nature of task/client – this is probably not a big deal but it means you’ve done a bit of thinking before you start.
  2. Check the relevant knowledge & experience of the person you’re delegating to – and check their work load and other priorities
  3. Provide context on the client and the matter itself – junior lawyers complain this isn’t always done well and they don’t see how their contribution fits into the bigger picture
  4. Specify precise output & constraints – for example there may be cost constraints and important deadlines
  5. Check understanding of task – this is often omitted leading to work needing to be re-worked
  6. Invite/give suggestions regarding how to proceed – this depends on the level of experience of the person delegated to
  7. Consider/agree monitoring and review procedures – it might be inappropriate to expect the junior to come to you (they might not!)
  8. Ask the junior to summarise and clarify the first step – this is a good way to check if you have missed something out or if there’s been a misunderstanding.

The level of detail you need to provide is contingent on your analysis of risks and of the other person’s level of experience (skill) and commitment (will).

Sherwood believes that firms are not maximising the learning that they offer junior lawyers. Too much work is done by senior associates that could be done by juniors. There are cost and margin implications arising from this. Your firm may have a more motivated cadre of junior associates if they are learning and motivated by having more stretching work delegated to them.

But remember to delegate properly, don’t just deledump!

 

 

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Five is the Key Number for Business Development

A handful of reasons...

A handful of reasons…

For Noah the key number was two, as in ‘two by two’. For professionals needing any guidelines for their investment in business development activity, the key number to remember is five. Here are a handful of reasons why.

  1. The number of priority clients is…five

You’ve probably got hundreds of contacts. The biggest mistake most people make is not to prioritise them. It doesn’t mean all your clients aren’t going to get brilliant service. They all should do. I’m suggesting that a handful of clients and prospects are going to get extra special attention with a view to them giving you and your firm a greater share of their work.

Actually your priority five contacts don’t need to be just clients or prospects – referrers or multipliers are ideal organisations to have in your top five.

  1. When preparing to meet prospective clients, you need five insightful things to talk about

Most people seem to prefer to ‘wing it’ and talk about the football and hope the client asks them for advice. Your BD time will be so much more effective if you do a bit of preparation.

They’ll be things to talk about relating to their sector – what their competitors have been up to or changes to the regulatory framework. They’ll be issues relating to the company itself. You can get clues about their strategy from their website and from any media coverage. Then there are things that your particular contact might be interested in. Check out LinkedIn and other online sources for any clues.

  1. Contact them no more than five times in a year

More often than that and you risk looking desperate and pestering them too much. I advocate making diary notes so you remember to follow up on your conversations.

  1. Address no more than five needs when selling

If you find yourself saying ‘…and the 92nd reason why we’re the best firm is because…’ your audience has almost certainly nodded off and they won’t remember any of your key points.

There are dozens of different client needs, for example:

  • Particular expertise (ie have you done lots of these deals before and pick up any complicating factors etc)
  • Breadth of capability (ie do you have useful skills in related fields suach as tax, regulatory, employee benefits etc)
  • Project management skills to ensure hitting certain important deadlines
  • Geographical coverage (eg a local office or in other key jurisdictions)
  • Value for money – this is rarely not a factor!

5. There are five different kinds of client benefits

The client organisation will be focused on benefits in these areas:

  • Quality/Rigour – a thorough grounding of expertise, good precedents and an effective process
  • Speed/Timeliness – speed of response and working to deadlines etc
  • Value for money – with accurate estimates, frequent cost updates, risk sharing etc

The client individuals will be interested in benefits for them, such as:

  • Can you make their life easier, with less hassle and a better night’s sleep?
  • Can you help them look good, hit their targets and get their bonus?

Five reasons why five is the number that is key for BD. For much more on this topic see my handbook The BD Handbook for Lawyers – PROSPECTS TO ADVOCATES at http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Handbook-Lawyers-Prospects-Advocates/dp/0755213998

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Time Management for Practice Group Heads

Time is melting away...

Time is melting away…

It’s tough being a leader of a practice group. Many heads (PGH’s) say they struggle with balancing their fee earning responsibilities with all the workload that goes with leading a practice group. This doesn’t surprise me – many PGH’s have had little training in leadership. So, with so many things to do, time management is a challenge.

It seems to me that PGH’s have three ways they can spend their time:

  • Leading – having a focus on the longer term, developing the business and the people, building consensus and commitment
  • Managing – having a focus on the day-to-day and getting things to work efficiently and in the right way
  • Doing administration – checking on WIP and getting bills out etc!

Most commentators agree that effective leaders tend to focus on the following three areas:

  • Vision – Warren Bennis believes that the vision should be of a “realistic, credible and attractive future for the organisation…a target that beckons”.
  • Engagement – Leaders need to build commitment to change. Telling people what to do doesn’t build commitment – it just gets you grudging compliance. Consulting and involving others does build commitment.  Engagement requires energy and enthusiasm.
  • Execution – Bennis believes that leaders are not followed unless they are trusted. Team members hear their head say one thing and they see them doing something else. It is important for a leader to be a good role model.

David Maister sees administration work, such as checking progress against the budget or ensuring that WIP levels are not getting excessively high, as important, but recognises that great administration will not build the future success of the business.

Also there are invariably people in the firm with better skills and on lower salaries to do this work.

So we advocate PGH’s keeping a timesheet of their non-chargeable activities and then addressing the following questions:

  1.  How much time are you spending on your ‘management’ role? Is this too much or too little? [A survey shows 4-6 hours/week is normal – survey details below]
  2. How are you spending this time?
    1. What proportion is on your ‘planned’, strategic priorities and what proportion is ‘reactive’?
    2. What proportion is administration and what proportion is on building the business or the team?
  3. To what extent are you effective (ie doing the right things)? To what extent are you efficient (ie doing things right?)
  4. How do you plan/prioritise?
  5. Are you delegating appropriately? You don’t have to do it all!

A final thought…effective leaders tend to be more self-aware and are prepared to learn – Bennis stresses that good leaders are perpetual learners.

The results of a survey on The Leadership Challenge in Law Firms is available at https://tonyreiss.com/2014/09/29/4788/

 

 

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The Leadership Challenge in Law Firms – Survey Results

chaliceNo-one would deny that the role of practice group leader in a law firm is a challenging one. After all, there are all those cats to herd! I know that many firms struggle to find suitable volunteers to take on the role – it can be seen as the equivalent of a poisoned chalice.

So I conducted an online survey in September 2014 to analyse the leadership challenges faced specifically by practice group heads (PGH’s).

I wanted to find out:

  • what were the key attributes required by PGH’s and their perceived skill levels .
  • how much time PGH’s should spend in their management role and how much time they actually spent.
  • what support and training PGH’s were offered to be effective in their role.

I received 83 responses – mostly from partners, including managing partners and practice group heads themselves.

I generated a list of 10 factors, widely thought by commentators on leadership to be important attributes. See https://tonyreiss.com/2014/02/27/from-surviving-to-thriving-as-a-practice-group-head/ for a full description of these factors.

I asked to what extent these were relevant to the role of PGH’s. The most important activity for PGH’s was thought to be ‘Developing a vision/strategy for the team’. The least important was ‘Being merciless on inaction’. See table 1 for the complete list and scores:

Table 1 – Relative importance of various attributes for Practice Group Heads (PGH’s)

PGH Activity How Useful Would this Activity Be?
Develop a vision/strategy 3.73
Being a good role model 3.57
Get clear what is expected 3.48
Get support from Board 3.44
Keep reinforcing the vision 3.32
Good project management 3.28
Give praise when due 3.25
Be a good coach 3.15
Delegate some roles 3.08
Be merciless on inaction 2.72

 Scores:  4=essential, 3=very useful, 2=of some use only, 1=not very useful

I then asked respondents how skilled the average PGH was in their firm. The two attributes that came out on top were ‘Being a good role model’ and ‘Getting support from the Board for special challenges’. PGH’s were considered least skilled at ‘Being merciless on inaction’, though this was not considered an important factor (see above). PGH’s were also judged to have low skills in ‘Being a good coach’. See Table 2 for the full list of scores:

Table 2 – Relative levels of leaderships skills for Practice Group Heads (PGH’s)

Factor How Skilled is your Average PGH?
Being a good role model 2.73
Get support from Board 2.62
Give praise when due 2.40
Good project management 2.39
Delegate some roles 2.37
Get clear what is expected 2.31
Develop a vision/strategy 2.19
Keep reinforcing the vision 2.19
Be a good coach 2.06
Be merciless on inaction 2.01

 Scores: 4=skilled in all aspects, 3=skilled in many aspects, 2=has some skills, 1=not very skilled

To complete this analysis and see what recommendations might be appropriate, I have compiled a table showing the ‘skill gap’ of PGH’s

Leadership Attribute/Behaviour (in order of usefulness) The Leadership Skills Gap
Develop a vision/strategy -1.54
Being a good role model -0.84
Get clear what is expected -1.17
Get support from Board -0.82
Keep reinforcing the vision -1.13
Good project management -0.89
Give praise when due -0.85
Be a good coach -1.09
Delegate some roles -0.71
Be merciless on inaction -0.71

 What is most striking about this table is that the biggest skills gap exists for the most important factor – Developing a vision/strategy for the team. This finding matches my own experiences of coaching partners – they are rarely able to answer my questions about the focus and direction of their practice group.

I then looked into what training/support PGH’s were given to be equipped for this role. There was a big difference depending on the size of firm. Nearly 80% of mid-size firms (ie no international offices) offered no formal training or executive coaching. I’m not sure how such firms expect their PGH’s to deliver!

My last area of questioning was about the time taken to manage a practice group. There were wide variations. On average respondents thought PGH’s should spend 6.4 hours/week in this role but thought PGH’s actually spent 4.5 hours/week. Quite a big difference.

Final comments

Most firms seem to adopt a ‘sink or swim’ approach to appointing PGH’s. Given the importance of these business groups, is this wise?

It can make a big difference if a practice group can create a motivated team of professionals all pulling in the same direction. What I often see in law firms is a lack in true commitment to initiatives. There’s just grudging acceptance meaning that projects don’t fully deliver.

Paraphrasing the words of the inspirational Ben Zander, leader of the Boston Philharmonic, ‘If the eyes of your team members aren’t shining, first of all ask yourself, how are you being’.

Are the eyes of your team members shining?

 

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